Calcium fluoride (CaF2) theoretically contains 51.1 per cent calcium and 48.9 per cent fluorine, where the quality and quantity of fluorite is commercial use strength. It is referred to as fluorspar. It has important therapeutic value when used as a trace element. This natural form of fluoride is useful in arthritis and 'splints', helps to break up exostoses and indurated glands, and also strengthens teeth and prolapsed muscle and veins, to re-establish elasticity.

A slightly hairy, tufted herb with thick horizontal rootstocks that contains a sweet smelling essential oil.

Indian valerian is prescribed as a remedy for hysteria, hypochondria, nervous unrest and emotional troubles. It is also used as a carminative and forms an ingredient of a number of ayurvedic recipes. The drug contains a group of iridoid or monoterpenic derivatives, known as valepotriates which are useful as tranquilizers and sedatives. An iridoid ester glycoside designated as valerosidatum (isovaleryl glucoside) has also been isolated. The essential oil of the root and rhizome is having antibacterial property.

An epiphytic orchid. The dried herb was found to contain an active-constituent of glucosidic nature. It has anti-inflammatory property. The herb also contains a bitter principle, tannins, resin, saponin, ß-sitosterol, g-sitosterol, fatty oil and coloring-matter.

The leaves are pounded and the paste is applied to the body to bring down fever; their juice is dropped in the ear for the treatment of otitis and other inflammatory conditions. The roots are used in dyspepsia, bronchitis rheumatism, and also in fever; they are reported to possess antibacterial and antitubercular properties. The roots enter into the preparation of medicated oils, used externally in rheumatism and nervous troubles. The herb is also used for sciatica.

It is prepared from tin metal and has a wide range of therapeutic uses with special reference to the diseases of the genito-urinary tract. It is effective against a wide range of organisms in the urinary tract and thus, is of great clinical usefulness and efficacy in urinary tract infections of various origins. It improves digestion, is useful in wasting diseases and cures all ‘pramehas’ (A prameha is a urinary tract disease characterized by polyurea and turbid urine).

It is prepared from the shells of Cyprea moneta called cowrie shells and is well known for its antacid and digestive properties. It is useful in the treatment of gastritis, duodenitis and otorrhea.

An erect, rarely decumbent herb, with purple flowers.

The seeds yield a fatty oil and are used as an anthelmintic and alexipharmic; they are said to be quite effective against roundworms and threadworms. They are also given for coughs, flatulence, intestinal colic and dysuria and for leucoderma, psoriasis and other chronic skin-diseases. The seeds are made into a paste with lime juice and used for destroying pediculi.

A densely tufted grass.

The commercial oil of Vetiver is obtained by distillation of fresh or air-dried roots. The oil contains both cadinane and eudesmane sesquiterpenes of the unusual antipodal configuration; these include khusol, khusinol, khusitone, (-)g2-cadinene, and levojuneol. Another characteristic feature of this type is the presence of the large amount of levorotatory khusilal (a rare C14-class of terpenoid) which is in fact responsible for the strong levorotation of this oil; this compound is absent in the typical dextrorotatory oils. The constituents of the typical dextrorotatory oils (Haiti, Reunion, Java and South India) are largely nootkatane.

The oil is reported to be used as a carminative in flatulence, colic and obstinate vomiting. It is regarded as a stimulant, diaphoretic, refrigerant, astringent and antibacterial and when applied externally, it removes excess heat from the body and gives a cooling effect. A decoction of the leaves is recommended as a diaphoretic.

It is herbo-mineral powder consisting of: Embelia ribes, Cyperus rotundus, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Emblica officinalis, Cedrus deodara, Piper longum, Piper chaba, Plumbago zeylanica, Zingiber officinalis, Piper nigrum and Iron calx.

It is indicated in obesity, liver disorders, and anemia.

A glabrous or pubescent herb arising from a rootstock. The herb is well known in India for its medicinal virtues and has been in use since ancient times.

The herb is valued as an expectorant, diaphoretic, antipyretic and diuretic, and as a laxative in bilious affections. It is used for catarrh and pulmonary troubles and for calculous affections. Also used as a remedy for coughs and sore throat, hoarseness, and ailments of infants. The flowers contain violin and the leaves contain an essential oil, an alkaloid, coloring matter, friedelin, ß-sitosterol and a straight-chain alcohol.

Vitex negundo is a large, aromatic shrub with quadrangular, densely whitish, tomentose branchlets.

Its principal constituents are casticin, isoorientin, chrysophenol D, luteolin, p –hydroxybenzoic acid and D-fructose. The leaves possess discutient properties and are applied to rheumatic swellings of the joints and in sprains. It can be applied locally in rheumatic arthritis and sprains. The juice of the leaves is used for the treatment of fetid discharges. They show anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and analgesic activities. It is useful in the treatment of superficial bruises, injuries, sores and skin infections.

A large, deciduous climber climbing by means of tendrils.

Grapes are a good source of bioflavonoids (vitamin P), which are known to be useful in such conditions as purpura, capillary bleeding in diabetes, edema and inflammation from injury, radiation damage, and atherosclerosis. Catechins and anthocyanogenic tannins present in grapes possess bioflavonoid activity. Grapes are considered laxative, stomachic, diuretic, demulcent and cooling and are used as an astringent in throat infections.